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Ten lessons for cycle friendly cities—but the role for city planners is minimal

02.14.12
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Ten lessons from the great cycling cities came out last month. It is a nice distillation of 10 things a city needs to do. Interestingly, matters squarely within the domain of city planning appeared only once: “infrastructure” was the first issue listed, but it is the only factor that really addressed fundamental issues that make cycling viable in these “great cities.”  One cannot disagree that the other 9 factors play a role (and they are rolled out well), but there are three points distinctly missing or errant from the list:
  • land use: higher densities (compared to the US) in all of these places make cycling viable. Without attention to drawing origins and destinations closer together, none of those cities would have the rates of cycling they have.
  • notwithstanding the point above (only one thing for planners to do), there was a bit too much emphasis on the need for separate infrastructure. Paths are nice. Preferred traffic signals are great. But, there is also a need to respect and plan for the basic fact that most corridors and intersections will be shared with motorists. We need to do more with less in the short term. 
  • education and exposure for the young. 

…or maybe I have it mostly wrong: cycling in cities is less about city planning efforts and more about “selling it” from a PR standpoint. 

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Bicycle helmet and safety research

02.13.12
1

The whole issue of cycling, safety, and helmet use is pretty vast–too vast to go into all the various dimensions here and now. But, a pretty thorough report on bicycle helmet research  recently came across my desk. It covers a lot of ground, albeit with a Queensland Australia focus, and is pretty detailed in the later chapters. It was commissioned by the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads to review the national and international
literature regarding the health outcomes of cycling and bicycle helmets and examine crash and hospital data. It is the closest one-stop shopping for helmet research that is of high quality I have come across.

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Coming soon to a TV near you: a PBS special on healthy communities with academics from Boulder prattling about bike paths

02.12.12
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Coming soon to a TV near you: a PBS special on healthy communities with academics from Boulder prattling about bike paths
Popular press pieces that promote a certain ideology or urban planning mission often come across as “duh.” Kool-aid consumers are already aware of the central arguments. Most academics get queasy with the oversimplifications. Opponents of the arguments find it to too easy to roll their eyes.
But, most of these popular press things still play a role. They at least get people talking.
A high-quality, high-gloss, and high-content PBS special is being rolled in most TV markets this month on Designing Healthy Communities. In the Denver area, it is airing this Sunday, February 12, on KDVR Channel 12 at 8:00pm. Check your station here.
I appear in Episode 1 times a few times prattling about bike paths and Boulder’s situation. Is there anything new here? It is fun to see Dr. Richard Jackson speaking so authoritatively, confidently, and conclusively about so many diverse matters. It is fun to see how the producers wove so many different threads together. And, it is fun to see my sun tea brewing in my own backyard.  
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Bicycle school bus – only $15K

02.09.12
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May 9 (3 months from today) is bike to school day. In advance, it is important for your community to start pooling funds for the bicycle school bus. It is only $15 k ($5k for three months in fundraising efforts).

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Speed for bicyle travel

02.09.12
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Knowing reliable measures of urban cycling speeds is helpful for:
-planning various types of facilities (e.g., turning radii),
-traffic flow estimations,
-better understanding the degree to which various users can comply with harmonious co-mingling,
-modelling exercises (e.g., accessibility metrics),
-general curiousity
It is often thrown out there that speeds for cyclists who travel in urban areas hovers about 10 mph. What do we know of this? Any value, we would expect, would have wide variation. A compilation of a bunch of studies prior to 2000 suggested that free-flow bicycle speeds appears to be somewhere between 6.2 mph and 17.4; the majority of the observations were between 7.5 and 12.4[1]. Of course a lot of the variation is explained by which type of facility the data are from.
Some other or follow up work found values of 9.2 mph during a recreational event that included adults and children[2], 13 mph along greenways in Indianapolis[3] and 15.4 mph along a separated path in Denver[4].
Does this vary by city, time of day, or time of week? Hard to say. Studies using similar methods found average speeds in Toronto to be 9.3 versus 11. 6 in Ottawa[5]. The most interesting revelation is coming from some 11.6 million bicycle trips analyzed as part of the Lyon bikesharing system[6]. The average 2.49 km trip took 14.7 minutes—converting to 6.2 mph—much slower than the above values, probably owing to heavier bikes and more congested conditions. They observed some uptick in speeds during rush hour (people are more pressed for time). But here is the interesting nugget: wednesday morning speeds were systematically higher than other weekdays—a phenomenon the researchers suggest might be because of the higher proportion of (faster) masculine bikers, since a significant fraction of women stay home to care for children on Wednesdays.
It looks like 10 mph is a safe and reliable average.

[1] Compilation of a bunch of studies: Allen, D. P., N. Rouphail, et al. (1998). “Operational analysis of uninterrupted bicycle facilities.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636(1): 29-36.
[2] Speed during a recreational event: Thompson, D. C., V. Rebolledo, et al. (1997). “Bike speed measurements in a recreational population: validity of self reported speed.” Injury Prevention 3(1): 43.
[3] Along greenways in Indianapolis: Lindsey, Greg and Nguyen Luu Bao Doan. 10 Questions about use of urban greenway trails. in Paper presented at Southern Illinois Transportation
Alternatives Conference, 2002.
[4] Bike path in Denver: 8. Khan, Sarosh I. and Winai Raksuntorn. Characteristics of passing and meeting maneuvers on exclusive bicycle paths. Transportation Research Record. 1776,
2001: p. 220-228.
[5] Cyclist speeds – see: Aultman-Hall, Lisa and Michael L. Hill, “Characterizing the Personal Attributes and Travel Behavior of Adult Commuter Cyclists”, Proceedings of the Institute of Transportation Engineers International Annual Meeting, Toronto, ON, August 1998.
[6] Lyon bikeshare system speeds: Jensen, P., J. B. Rouquier, et al. (2010). “Characterizing the speed and paths of shared bicycle use in Lyon.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 15(8): 522-524.
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Study abroad opportunity – Sustainable Bicycle Transportation, Goin’ Dutch

02.08.12
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Advancing “total health:” shining light on somewhat competing issues of physical activity & air pollution exposure

02.07.12
1
What if a community had all the successful ingredients leading to higher rates of cycling and walking (e.g., population density, intersection density, diverse mix of land uses, bike paths galore, etc)? Would planners then being doing their job? How would this relate to the total health for residents?
A small but growing number of studies are looking at two criteria of health simultaneously: exercise and air pollution. The results suggest these things might not always move together in the same direction—a “wake up” call for planners who have typically been obsessed with increasing physical activity. This study helps bring to light that the health benefits from increased physical activity in highly walkable neighborhoods may be offset by adverse effects of air pollution exposure. In the words of one of the co-authors, “city planning efforts have been planning to optimize one risk factor [lack of physical activity], when there are multiple risk factors to be taken into account.” <just fyi, another health consideration is bicycle/traffic safety, but that issue might be less controversial>
Should we worry about this? Of course. Is it a growing issue that has the potential to further divide planning initiatives? Hopefully not. Two possibilities:
·         Will cleaner cars, cleaner businesses, and cleaner everything else coming on-line possibly lessen the need to be concerned about pollution.
·         Is the fact that the study is based in Los Angeles—a basin that has perennially been out of compliance with EPA standards and probably has a disproportionate share of polluting car use (both in terms of sheer use and % of fleet that is old)—reason to suggest the issues there are not as bad as other places?
It is hard to say. I don’t think the solution is pollution filter face masks. This work merely suggests an area worth of further investigation to ensure we are not shooting ourselves in the foot.
Just released: Hankey S, Marshall JD, Brauer M 2011. Health Impacts of the Built Environment: Within-Urban Variability in Physical Inactivity, Air Pollution, and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality. Environ Health Perspect 120:247-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103806
ABSTRACT:
Background: Physical inactivity and exposure to air pollution are important risk factors for death and disease globally. The built environment may influence exposures to these risk factors in different ways and thus differentially affect the health of urban populations.
Objective: We investigated the built environment’s association with air pollution and physical inactivity, and estimated attributable health risks.
Methods: We used a regional travel survey to estimate within-urban variability in physical inactivity and home-based air pollution exposure [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3)] for 30,007 individuals in southern California. We then estimated the resulting risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD) using literature-derived dose–response values. Using a cross-sectional approach, we compared estimated IHD mortality risks among neighborhoods based on “walkability” scores.
Results: The proportion of physically active individuals was higher in high- versus low-walkability neighborhoods (24.9% vs. 12.5%); however, only a small proportion of the population was physically active, and between-neighborhood variability in estimated IHD mortality attributable to physical inactivity was modest (7 fewer IHD deaths/100,000/year in high- vs. low-walkability neighborhoods). Between-neighborhood differences in estimated IHD mortality from air pollution were comparable in magnitude (9 more IHD deaths/100,000/year for PM2.5 and 3 fewer IHD deaths for O3 in high- vs. low-walkability neighborhoods), suggesting that population health benefits from increased physical activity in high-walkability neighborhoods may be offset by adverse effects of air pollution exposure.
Policy implications: Currently, planning efforts mainly focus on increasing physical activity through neighborhood design. Our results suggest that differences in population health impacts among neighborhoods are similar in magnitude for air pollution and physical activity. Thus, physical activity and exposure to air pollution are critical aspects of planning for cleaner, health-promoting cities.
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Dedicated funding for bike/ped lost – is there still enough momemtum to overcome any loses?

02.06.12
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I am not a political lobbyist. Nor am I close enough to the transportation funding situation in Washington, DC and other affected communities to reliably forecast the impact from last week’s vote: as part of American Energy and Infrastructure Jobs Act, Congress decided to eliminate dedicated funding for bike/ped, thereby affecting the two largest programs that fund biking and walking infrastructure — Transportation Enhancements and Safe Routes to School.
It begs a question, however. At what point does a particular endeavor no longer require dedicated funding? More specifically, at what point is there enough momentum to fund bike/ped infrastructure at the local level…that demarcated funding really wouldn’t matter that much. Assuming similar overall levels of transportation funding still exist, there might be a silver lining? It provides communities more flexibility and it is, possibly, an indicator that bike/ped issues can more reliably compete against other modes. We are not there yet (and won’t be in, say, 5 years time), but it is a thought.
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